The readings have discussed the beginnings of Egypt becoming unified into a single state. Bard goes into a bit of detail on the formation of this state through the eyes of copious processual archaeologists. However, there has always been some sort of discussion about the way humans have adapted and have grown to be the way they are today. For example, there was the basic idea that humans evolved through linear evolution (savages, barbarians, civil people), has been used for many years. I believe that it is something that people should begin to look past because it is an idea that too many current societies have attached to. There was an idea by Morton Fried that talked about how states are start out. It was pristine vs. secondary states. The Pristine is the simple one that states would just unify on their own. The secondary is mostly based on the influence the states had from other states that are classified as civilized. Fried used these theories to create his own based of culture and civil evolution. Bard pointed out that he used some hypothesis like the multiregional origin, that show the ideas of evolution, but he used it for his own research. However, Hoffman has a different approach to all of these. To support his idea of how Egypt became a unified state, he used archaeological evidence. His argument was that systems that were already organized have to overlook all the long-distance trading and see which crafts were being exchanged between societies. This kind of trading became immensely favorable and some people even found it to be obligatory. These societies would have to create norms for this king of trade. Koher also identified about kind of aspect of society. How the Egyptians handled their wealth seems pretty similar to the kind of structure we have today in the U.S. It is your basic, upper class (rulers), middle class, and lower class. Also, there was a small amount of people that had an enormous amount of wealth. Sounds like the U.S. to me. Since this system seemed to work, it should be clear that they developed a state system. Hence, many would argue these ideas and bring up their own ways that the Egyptian state unified. However, there can be many ideas that work together and become factors of unification. Thus, it makes sense that all these can contribute to the unification of states.